Page 205 - ibdaa
P. 205
-b<¡~9¡EH -bJxF *]+(°* 204
62b~zD* ~|D*
¥]<bcgD* x£gD* bE fmDbE d£Db~6&* Hbg- fpJx~8 ib£- ¡D* ¤J ]BH fD* x£Q J ¤mJ4]gD* ¤~7ÉgD* *& q~9¡J
x£J D3 ]+ Q . °K H&* dDbD* kQ pJ &* D ¤cJ Db+ ¢< xs- ¤gD* ~{D* f+xE $b£~7&°* C Q ~6" jE f£~zcD*
f_£cD* ibJ]pgD f+b~{E iÉ~{E 0 ¢< e4]gDb+ dDbD* *& ]cJ *wGH f£B*H xjC*& qc~|- k£p+ b£K mJ4]- f£cJ4]gD* bD*
°K bg0* xjC*& £gD* lH]0 qc~|J bGH f££cD*
fAxD* $*4H bE
META-COGNITION
¤A eÉD* ,]<b~zE + ]~|J ¤£gD* B¡D* E *xK £cC *$K y/ *& D3 ,b£pD* I]E *]+°( * < $¤~7 ¡B E ]+ °
b( A D3 EH bJ&°* wG $b£~7&°* x£- f<x~6 b< *3*( ,x£~z£D* fDb+ h~z£D wG *( -b£0 f£: bJK xFH f££cD*f_£cD*
"4¡D* x£= cg~zD b+É: ]F *& ¤cJ" (Bruner, 1972) xFHx+ bB bCH 2]~|D* *wG ¤A 8b1 ~{+ ]£E *]+°( *
f£<*]+°( * i*4bD* xjC*& bC b+4 2]~|D* *wG ¤AH cg~zD* E EbgD* ¢< J42bB ¡F¡£~zA f£<*]+(* i*4bE *H4¡: *3(bA
fcB*xEH ¤-*wD* Eb& gD* ~{-H "fAxD* fAxE" b£K Ax0 ¤- ¤gD* Metacognition fAxD* $*4H bE i*4bE ¤G f£G*&
e4]gD*H fJ]+ i*4b£1 rx: ¢D(* eÉD* f/b0 bG xCwgD ,xcsD f+bmg~6°* f££C 8¡~|s+ f£<*¡D* i*4*xD*H i*wD*
fAxE fAxD* ]+ bE i*4bE *( ¡Db& D*H ]£DbgD *xK Jb~zEH ÉK jgE ¡J H&* ÉK £~8&* |s~{D* b£A ¡J ¤gD* B*¡D* ¢<
$bgF*H f+b-xD*H £-HxD* f+4bpEH <*]+*( 4bjg~6°( b~8K xA 2*xA&ÉD q£gg~6H ,b£pD* I]E f££cD* f_£cD* ¤A ,]£E fAxD*
bcgF*H ¤<¡+ ¤<*]+°( * D* ib£g-
yJygD*H bK 0 B&°* b:°& *
DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN AND REINFORCEMENT
$¡~9 ¤A b£+ ¡/yJ ]B H*& ¥]<bcgD* H*& ¤+4bgD* x£gD* *H5yJ &* H4bgsJ ]BH yJygD* ¡J¡+xgD* ]sg~zJ ]B
yJygD*H eÉD* E f+¡D* bD* ibcgE $¡~9 ¤A b£K )bgF* Dw+ ¡E¡J GH ¤<*]+°( * 4¡D* ¡0 kpcD* m0
~|D* ¤A b£~6 ° fEbD* ]£DbgDH e*x-&°* ¡~¦D eÉD* bjgE* £+ £A¡gD* ¢D*( ¡/bgpJ ]B £+xD* °& *]K / E
~6bgD* ~|D* xF* £+bE&* f£-*wD* eÉD* ibEbgG* 9¡Q J ]B yJygD* &* ¤A jg- fgpE f~{E bGH +*xD*
¡£DH *4¡EH ¥4b=H xA¡=H " Jbg~{J*( " E C ~8H ]A £A DbcD* xJxcgD* D3 dm- J DH
F&* *H]/HH *]+(°* ¤A yJygD* 4H2 (Milgram & Feingold, 1977) "]D¡£AH *xE"H (Moran & Liou, 1982)
BbA4H "24HH"H "]D¡£AH *x£E"H "¡£DH *4¡E" E C 9x< bC £J2bD* x£= eÉD fc~zDb+ ]£E 4H2
x.&* < b£K < "¡£D" H "*4¡E" ~{CH £BbD* H&* bK 0 B°& * eÉD* I]D f£<*]+(°* 2¡mD* <]D ¥2bD* yJygD* bJ*yE
~6¡gD* H2 i*4bE J]D JwD* b:&°* $*2&* I¡g~zE A4 ¢< f~6¡D* fJ2bD* i*5yD* - k£0 yJygD y£E
b_K £~7 *]/H "]D¡£A" H "*x£E" &b+ bK < fEb< f<yF wG DH f~6¡gD* ibJ¡g~zD* ¥H3 eÉD* $*2*& - bDH
ÉK jE I¡pD* fcpC ¥2bD* yJygD f£+bmJ*( ])*¡A *]/H k£0 £BbE eÉ: ¢< bJx/&* ¥wD* bjp+ ¤A *wD bK +b~{E
¥]<bcgD* x£gD* i*4bcg1* ¤A qJ]DbC ¤D* yJygD*H

