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ibFb£+ Žb~{gC* $*x/ z£DH  ,]J]/ i*x£~zŒ- $*x/ ,]J]mD* 4b’A°& * ]D¡g- ]BH  fjJ]pD* ibFb£cD* œE bK cDb=  ,]J]/ b†E •sDQ
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 ¤sJ4bgD* y£pgD* Lord Butterfield ]•£Axg+ 24¡D  b<2 bE *wGH  fG¡~{E –B°& * ¢•< H*&  ,y£pgE ¡’- *& œ’˜J tJ4bgD* $b›+

                        "f£‰J¡D*"H f£sJ4bgD* i*y£pgD*

                                  Historical and Whiggist Biases

  ,4bc< š]sg~6*H  f£sJ4bgD* iÉ£•pgD* $*x/*( ¤A ¡14'¡˜D* bžž/*¡J ¤gD* ib+¡†~|D*       šb< "]•£Axg+" 24¡D ~8H
  -Whiggist- f£‰J¡D* i*x£~zŒg•D ,2]pE ,]J]< f•jE*& ex~9 Ÿ›’DH (Gould, 1991) ]D¡= “D3 ~8H b˜C  "¤sJ4bgD* y£pgD*"
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                       ŸJx~8b†E qDb~|D ™ƒ›E –’~{+ $b€1°& * Žxp›- ¤DbgDb+H  f£-*wD* Ÿ˜£B bK E]sg~zE ¤~9b˜D* ¢•< ™’pJ

   œ££‰J¡D* a2bc˜+ ]†+ b˜£A hAx< a2bc˜D z~6&*  4*x0&°* eyp+ ]†+ b˜£A Žx< rÉ~8É( D ]J'¡E ™J]B ¤Fb€Jx+ ey0 ¡G Whig (1)

i*x£~zŒgD* (*  bc~zpD* ¤A l*]0°& * “•- f›E5&* ‘b£~6H "x~|†D* rH4" w1*& —É1 œE °*( f£sJ4bgD* l*]0°& * ™žA œ’˜J °H
 ˆ*]+°( * ¤A ÉK †A l]pJ bE *wGH  f£B2 x£= H*& ,y£pgE ¡’- ]B  f£)b›cD* bžg†£c:H bžgDb~8&* ¤A   f£<*]+(°* f£sJ4bgD*
–~|Q A ]BH  Ix1&* ¢D(* fc0 œEH Ix1&* ¢D(* f<¡˜mE œE œJbcg-H ˆ¡›g- ™£D* œ’D  f˜£B i*3 $b£~7&* lb†cF* ¢D(* ¥2¡' J k£0
"4ɒE"kp+b˜C malevolent ]BbpD* H*& 4b~¦D* ˆ*]+(ÉD ™ž~7bF ¤A *K x1¡' E ,x’ŒD*  wG  4¡~{›E x£=  ŸBbA4H"¤•+HxC"

                                           ˆ*]+(°* œE ™•ƒ˜D* dFbm•D Ÿ~zŒF —bm˜D* ¤A (Mclaren, 1993)

‹b~|J &* œE ¤sJ4bgD* ˆ*]+°( * ¢•< ™’p•D ]+° ŸFb& + Ix- b˜G°H*&  ¤sJ4bgD* –£•pgD* 2]~|+ bg˜žE bgDb~64 b›J]D  3(*
qc~|F *& bF4H]˜+ ¡’J œ•A  ¤sJ4bgD* —¡pgD* ‘b£~6 ¤A bžFb’E IxFH b›-*y£p-H b›˜£+ x’ŒF *& ‡€g~zF ™D *3(bA  f)bA fJb›†+
64]F bE]›< bc~zpD* ¤A  “D3 x£= š&* bC bK £sJ4b-  ‘b£~zD* w1&* œE ]+° ŸF&* Ix- b˜žg£Fb.H  ¤~9b˜D* ¢•< œJ]£/ bK Eb’0

                                                            ¤~9b˜D* ¤A h.]0 ¤gD* f£<*]+(°* —b˜<&°*
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