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49 Ÿ-b<¡~9¡EH Ÿ-bJxƒF   ˆ*]+°( *
   ÁbjD* –~|ŒD*

                               fE]E

                                           INTRODUCTION

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– bŒK •gsE bFK b’E ¡’£~6 ™Db†DbA  f£•†D*H f£<*]+°( * —b†A&°* f~64b˜E œE °K ]+ fc~z˜D* ib~9*xgA°*H œ£-HxD* ¢•< œJ]˜g†E
"24¡Œ•£/ " xcQ < ]BH  œ’˜E Ÿ/H –~¦A*& ¢•< f›Eb’D* Ÿ-*4]B x˜jg~6* b›E ÉK C *& ¡D  ,$bŒC xjC&*H  b/K bgF(* xjC&*H  f†gE xjC&*
hFb’D  £~z+ 4*]˜+ ‡˜gm˜D* 2*xA&* ]›< f•’~{˜D* –0 i*4bžE —]†E ‡AxF &* b›†€g~6* b›F*& ¡D "  ŸD¡+ “D3 œ<       

                                                            8  "¢~|p- &* œE xjC*& f£Db˜/°( * 4b.°% *

fJ2bcD* b›cG*¡E H&*  ¥xGbƒD* b›€˜F bE*&  b›E ]0*H –C ]›< ¤/¡D¡£cD* l4(°* ¡GH  ¤.*4¡D* b›€˜F ¢•< f›Eb’D* b›-*4]B ]˜g†-
,4]D* ¤A ™ž~z- f£/¡D¡£cD* –E*¡†D* b( A *w’GH   ,xcsD*  ‡c€gD*H  ib›£mD*H b£/¡D¡£cD*  ‡c€D* œE –C obgF ¤žA  b£†•D
¢D*( f.*4¡D* $b˜•< x£~{JH  f£/¡D¡£cD* I¡D*  wG  2]p- ¥wD* I]˜D* œ˜~9 2xŒD* ‡B¡E ,xcsD* 2]p- b˜›£+  f›Eb’D* f£<*]+(°*
*wG ¤A bE*&     –~|ŒD* ¤A ˆ¡~9¡˜D* *wG {Bb›F Ž¡~6H  (range of reaction) –†ŒD* 24 I]E q•€~|˜+ d£-xgD* *wG
i*4b~z˜D*H f£/3¡˜›D* fJ4¡€gD* ibž/¡gD* Ÿ£A O ~|FH  4¡€gD* f£•˜< ¢•< y£CxgD* ‡E  ‡c€gD*H ‡c€D* fDb& ~zE {Bb››~zA –~|ŒD*
,x.¡' ˜D* –E*¡†D* ¢D(* fAb~9*(   ¤<*]+(°* ”¡•~zDb+ c-x-H 2*xA°& * œE *xK £jC y£˜- ¤gD* 4¡€gD* –0*xE ¤GH   f~z£)xD* fJ4¡€gD*

   f›Eb’D* f£<*]+°( * i*4]D* 4¡€- ¤A *]K / f˜ž˜D* –E*¡†D* ]0&* bžF&°  b~8K b1 bEK b˜gG* f•)b†D* ¤D¡›~6H  fJ4¡€gD* f£•˜†D* ¤A

¤A *& ‡E  f•0x˜D* “•- ¤A b£K )y/ pg- bžF*( —¡D* –~¦A&°* œE &* x£=  fD¡Œ€D* ¤A f›Eb’D* i*4]D* pg- *& œ’˜J
f£<*]+°( * ,4]DbA  A fD¡Œ€D* ]†+ 2xŒD* bžD 9x†gJ ¤gD* i*x.¡' ˜D*H –E*¡†D* ¦†+ ”b›GH   ¥xGbƒD* ¦Bb›gD* ¦†+ *wG
fG*x˜D* ¢D(* fD¡Œ€D* œE 2xŒD* —bgF* ‡E ,]J]< i*xE x£‰gJ ˆ*]+°( * œ< x£c†gD* *( f£pD* ¤AH  bž•˜Cb& + ,b£pD* ¤€‰- f›Eb’D*
z’†- i*x£‰- bžF&b+ bžAx†F ¤gD*  n~¦›D* œE ib£•˜< œ˜~¦g- i*x£‰gD*  wG &* –~|ŒD* *wG ¤A IxF Ž¡~6H  ]~7xD* ¢D(* ™.
]£Œ˜D* œEH  f£<*]+°( * 2¡žm•D š]˜D* ™<]D* –j˜- ¤gD* f_£cD* ¤A H&* f£†A*]D* ¤A i*x£‰- z’†- ]B H*&  f£.*4¡D* ib£•+bD* qgŒ-

   H]cJ bE ¢•< —bm˜D* *wG ¤A fEb< ibž/¡- ”b›žA  bž•C ,b£pD* –0*xE xc< l]p- ¤gD* f£<*]+°( * i*x£‰gD* |pŒgF &*

œE ÉK C œ˜~¦gJ *wžA  f›Eb’D* f£<*]+(°* i*4]D* £p- ŸF*( —¡F &* ¤<*]+°( * 4¡€g•D ~8H –~¦A&* &* q~9*¡D* œEH
dG*¡E ŸJ]D b›E –’A  —bm˜D* *wG ¤A x£j’D* –†Œ- &* œ’˜J  bž/4b1H ,x~6&°* –1*2  i*xcsD* b& + ¤0¡JH  ‡c€gD*H ‡c€D*
I]E œ’D  bžpJ &* Ÿ£•< f›EbC ibBb: b›E –C I]D &* q£p~8  "œJbg~{›J* " –jE ¡’F &* b†K £˜/ ‡£€g~zF ° b››’D  f£<*]+*(
H]c-H  f_~{›gD*H ib›£mD*H b£/¡D¡£cD* œ£+ fCxg~{˜D* f˜Gb~z˜D* fm£gF l]pJ *wGH  x1%* ¢D(* 2xA œE œJbcgJ i*4]D*  wG

                                            .Ÿ•0*xEH 4¡€gD* ibž/¡- ¤A ¡’- bE q~9H*& f£.*4¡D* f˜Gb~z˜D*

                        Ÿ•0*xEH 4¡€gD* ibž/¡-

                          TRENDS AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

2¡/H ¡G bž£A —b~|-°* š]< –£D2 H  f•~|gE x£= ibJxƒF ‡c€Db+  wGH  –0*x˜D* ~8H ¢•< 4¡€gD* ibJxƒF ™ƒ†E yCx-
 wG xjC*& H  –~|gE x£= ŸF&b+ 4¡€gD* ˆ*]+(°* ibJxƒF ¦†+ ~|- b˜C  (Kohlberg 1987; Piaget 1970, 1976) –0*x˜D*
]D  (conventionality) fJ]£Dbg•D l]p- ¤gD* i*x£‰gD* ¢•< yCx- ¤gD* fJxƒ›D* ¤G f£DbpD* b›~9*x=°& ,])bA ibJxƒ›D*
¤A “DwC bž0bmF hgc.*& bž›’DH  (Kohlberg, 1987) ¤BÉ1°& * x£’ŒgD* 4¡€- hDHb›- ¤gD* ib~6*4]D* œE fJxƒ›D*  wG ib& ~{F
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