Page 53 - ibdaa

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ÁbjD* –~|ŒD*

I]D 4¡€gD* f•0x˜+ &bc›gF &* f˜’pD* x£= œE œ’D ib˜•S ~zE œ’- ™D *( fEb< f<yF ¢D*( –0*x˜D* x£~{- fJxJwp- f˜•C

bFx£’Œ- ¤AH b›E*ygD* š]< H*& b›E*ygD* ¤A bEK b˜- œ£~zgE b›~zDH fŒ•gsE ib<x~z+ 4¡€gF œp›A ¤›EyD* x˜< ¢•< $K b›+ 2xŒD*
bFK b£0*& ]£DbgD* –cB bE f•0xE ¤A 2xŒD* ¡’J ]BH B*¡˜D* ¦†+ ¤A œJx1%°* ‡£€F b†K £˜/ œpF ¥]£DbgD* x£= H*& ¥]£DbgD*
–<bŒgD* q•€~|E ,xGbƒD* wG ¢•< •:*& ]BH fjDb. bFK b£0&* ]£DbgD* ]†+ bE f•0xE ¤AH Ix1&* bFK b£0*& ]£DbgD* f•0xE ¤AH
~|D* fAx‰C f›G*xD* i°bpD*H ÉK jE ]£DbgDb+ š*ygD°bC ib˜~zD* œE –C obgF ¡G ”¡•~zD* *& ¢›†˜+ fDbpD*H f˜~zD* œ£+

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Ÿ£/b£+ fJxƒF

Piagetian Theory

¤A Ix@1&°* ¤G h•˜†g~6*H f•~|gE x£= fJ4¡€- fJxƒF (Jean Piaget, 1970, 1976) “Ÿ£/b£+ b@/ ” š]@B
fJ2b˜D* ib£•˜†D* f•0x˜D “Ÿ£/b£+” i*5bmF(* ]@0&* ¡G ÉK jE n~9b›D* £›~|gDbA f£<*]+(°* ib<y›D*H —¡£˜D* x£~zŒ-
–0 *( ¤<*]+°( * x£’ŒgD* ¤A b˜K žE *4K H2 ¥2'¡- *& œ’˜J ,4bžE ¤GH (Katz & Thompson, 1993; Runco, 1994a)
$b›+ b›K £†E bJK x’A b€K 1 ‡•€g~z£~6 bC *3(* b˜£A 2xŒD* 4xJ bE]›< f£Œ£›~|- ib£•˜< d•€gJ ]B ÉK jE ¤<*]+°( * iɒ~{˜D*
ŸF&° b_K £~7 2xŒD* d›m- *3*( H £›~|gD* œE ˆ¡F ¡G Ÿ-*3 ]p+ ™’pD* *wGH ° š*& ‡˜gm˜D* œE °K ¡cE bC (* Ÿ£•< ™’pD* ¢•<
lH]0 —b˜g0* œE ]Q pJ b˜E ‡˜gm˜D* ,xJb~zEH ]£DbgDb+ š*ygD°* œE ˆ¡F ¢D(* 2¡£~6 “D3 b( A ‡˜gm˜D* ¤A —¡cE x£=

¤<*]+°( * 4b~|cg~6°*

ibA2*x˜D* I]@0*( ¤G £’gD* f£•+bBH £’gD*H 4¡€gD* f£•˜< x£~zŒgD £’gD* ¢•< "Ÿ£/b£+ " o3¡˜F ]˜g†J b˜C
xƒF* fE$*¡˜D*H –j˜gD* $¡~9 ¤A £’gD* x~zŒJ "Ÿ£/b£+ " o3¡˜F &* b˜C (Cohen, 1989) ˆ*]+°( * œE *]K / fcJxD* f†)b~{D*
(Guilford 1968; Runco 1996d) f£<*]+*( 4b’A&* ¢D*( bFK b£0&* 2¡- ¤gD* i°¡pgD* ™žA ¤A –j˜gD* bF]<b~zJH Runco, 1985
Gruber 1981) f£<*]+°( * "bž-]/H " ibƒpD œE *xK £jC y£˜- ¤gD* f_/bŒ˜D* i*4b~|cg~6°* b›D x~zŒ- ¤gD* ¤žA fE$*¡˜D* bE*&
"Ÿ£/b£+ " Ÿ›< xc†J b˜C £’gD* l]pJH £’gD* ¢D*( f/bp+ ŸF*& x†~{J ™D bE fE$*¡˜Db+ °H –j˜gDb+ ,2b< 2xŒD* ™gžJ °H (b
™žŒD* ¡’J ° f›£†E ibE¡•†E H*& f›£†E ,xc1 2xŒD* ™žŒJ ° bE]›< l]pJ ¥wD* 5*¡gD* š]< œE ˆ¡›+ 2xŒD* x†~{J bE]›<
£’g•D f£•+bD*H ˆ*]+(°* ¤A f£AbjD* ‘HxŒD* –~|ŒD* ¤A {Bb›F Ž¡~6H ,]~{D* ibBH&* ¤A H&* ibE¡•†˜D* ‡E 5*¡- fDb0 ¤A

Ÿ/b£+ fJxƒF ]F

Criticisms of Piagetian Theory

wG Ix-H f•~|gE f£•˜< 4¡€gD* &* Ix- ibJxƒF ”b›G œ’DH f•~|gE x£= f£•˜< 4¡€gD* &* 4b’A°& * wG œE x£jC 9xgŒJ
(Levine 1984) "œJbŒ£D " š]B ]BH f•~|gEH ,x˜g~zE f£•˜< 4¡€gD* &*H 4¡€gD* ¤A –0*xE lH]0 ¢D(* f/b0 ° ŸF*& ibJxƒ›D*

ˆ*]+(°* —bmE ¤A "Ÿ£/b£+" fJxƒF £c€g+ f~8b1 i*2bgF*